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UNIT - 1
TUDOR MONARCHY
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1.who was the first monarch in Tudor Dynasty?
Ans. Henry seventh
2.which queen was known as virgin queen?
Ans.queen Mary
3.who was the boy monarch in the Tudor Dynasty?
Ans.edward sixth
4.which period is considered the golden period of the Tudor era?
Ans. Elizebethan Era
5.who attempted to restore England from Protestantism to Roman catholicism?
Ans. Mary first
6.name the Act by which Elizabeth was established as head of the church of England
Ans.the Act of supremacy
7.which Tudor monarch regned between the periods of 1558-1603?
Ans. Elizabeth first
8.which battle established henry Tudor the future Henry seventh on the English throne?
Ans
Battle of Bosworth
9.who was the successor of Henry eight?
Ans.Edward sixth
10.who was succeeded by lady Jane Grey?
Ans. Edward sixth
1.explain reformation in England under Henry 8th
Ans.The reformation in Germany and Switzerland started as a national and popular movement.But the English reformation was the personal motives of Henry 8th.he was the strongest supporter of the pope.when Martin Luther defined poe,he wrote a book refuting Luthers argument and sent it to the pope.then he was titled the name as the defender of faith by the pope. But he become the tool between the Roman church and church of England.
The prime cause of the breach with Rome was that the pope did not give consent for his divorce from queen Catherine of Aragon.henry was obsessed with the issue of a amale heir. Catherine who was more than five year older than Henry failed to deliver a son after several early deaths and stillbirths she had managed to give birth only to princess mary. moreover he was already infatuated with Anne boleyn who refused to become his mistress
Henry Sough sanction from the pope for his divorce on the ground that first marriage to Catherine was illegal as she was the widow of his brother as he was eager to marry Anne Henry ultimately decided to decide the pope he someone a parliament and a subservient parliament passed a series of laws abolishing the pops authority in England Henry married Anne boleyn in January1533 and princess Elizabeth was born in September 1533.
In an act of appeals was passed for bidding Roman control over the English Church the parliament passed the act of supremacy which declared the English King to be the only supreme head of the Church of England and had the power to appoint all ecclesiastical official and dispose of the people revenues even though Henry's first intention was merely to put pressure on the pope to grand that he was it ended in complete severance of English people from the Roman Church to which they had belong to a thousand years this also lead to the establishment of a liturgy in English the book of common prayer.
There was much opposition in England to the act those who refused to follow the act of supremacy were punished John fisher bishop of Rochester and Thomas more the author of utopia who served as a chancellor was executed in 1535 for refusing to accept Henry as the head of the church chancellor for several years also had to pay with his life when he failed to get the pops sanction for Henry's divorce from cathering Henry was not a protestant in doctrine but he is aim was to keep England catholic without the pope.
In 1539, statue known as the statue of 6 articles was passed and this define the chief doctrines of the Church of England the law imposed the death penalty on anyone who question the catholic doctrines.
Henry 8 has always seemed the very embodiment of true monarchy even his evil deeds never forgotten have been somehow amalgamated into a memory of greatness he gave his nation what it wanted divisible symbol of its nation hood he also had done something towards giving it a better government a useful navy and a start on religious reform and social improvement but he was not a great man in any sense also a leader in every fibre of his being he little understood where he was leading his nation.
These events relating to henry 8 let to the reformation in England and it was a remarkable event in the history of England.
UNIT - 2
GROWTH OF NEW MIDDLE CLASSES
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Which city became the perceived centre of Western civilization by the middle
of the nineteenth century?
Ans. London
2. Name the machine that greatly contributed to the revolution in the textile in-
dustry.
Ans. Flying shuttle
3. Who invented the Miner's Friend which was used to drain mines in
1698?
Ans. Thomas sarvery
4. Who invented the steam engine?
Ans. James watt
5. What is the transformation of industry and the economy in Britain, between
the 1780s and the 1850s, called?
Ans. First industrial revolution
6. Whose interests were promoted and protected by the Laissez Faire theory?
Ans. capitalists
7. Who is known as the 'prophet of free trade in England?
Ans. Adam Smith
8. Who developed Smelting iron, a new method of producing iron?
Ans. Abraham darby
9.What caused the migration of people to cities in the Tudor society during the
16th and 17th centuries?
Ans. Industrial revolution
10. What was the new middle class that was created as a result of the Industrial
Revolution called?
Ans.Bourgeosise
11. To whom did the British parliament extend the right to vote during the indus-
trial revolution?
Ans the new middle class
1. explain the emergence of new middle class in England
Ans.A "new middle class" emerged in England in the vast chasm between the idle landed
rich and the toiling class. But the question of the true nature and origin of this middle
class in terms of social mobility is often murky. Much of the work of social historians
operate on the implicit assumption, furthered by contemporary outside observers that the
middle class served as a stepping-stone from the lower classes into respectability (Jordan
Boyd-Graber, 2006). It can be described that the English middle class could accurately be
a conduit for upward mobility from the lower classes.
One of the assumptions about the formation of a new middle class says that it is the
result of the industrial revolution. Followed by industrial advancements, the growth in
technology and organisation reshaped the existing social structure. A recognizable
peasantry continued to exist in Western Europe, but it increasingly had to adapt
to new methods. Many peasants began to achieve new levels of education and to adopt
innovations such as new crops, better seeds, and fertilisers. They also began to innovate
politically, learning to press governments to protect their agricultural interests.Britain's Industrial Revolution brought her social class into a different stage and
caused the emergence of new classes, such Revolution, people's standard of living and
as the middle class. Before the Industrial working conditions were very simple. Once
the revolution started, people changed their workplaces from farms to factories and moved
to urban cities in search of new jobs. Machines made goods replaced ones that had been
done by hand. The social classes in Britain also altered, which developed three distinct
classes, including the upper class, middle class and working class. The emergence of these
three classes followed the growth of industry, which brought more people to an upper stage,
as people's desires rose. The flourishing of industries brought more wealth to the already
rich people who started them and enabled many of them to move from the middle class
to the upper middle class. In course of time, as their wealth multiplied, they assumed control
of the economy and became more powerful than the former upper class. The improvement
of education helped people from the lower class also to get new jobs, improve their
financial and social standing and move to the middle class.
2. What are the important discoveries during industrial revolution
Ans.►Steam engine (developed by James Watt in the 1760s) further transformed the cotton industry and later steam trains.
►Smelting iron- A new method of producing iron, developed by Abraham Darby (1678-1717).
This new method used coke rather than charcoal and enabled higher production. Iron was used for buildings and railways.
►Steam train - Richard Trevithick invented the first working steam train in 1806. George Stephenson's Rocket 1829, was important for convincing people of the potential of steam trains.
► Machine tools - Prior to the industrial revolution, metal was fashioned by hand, which was very labour-intensive. Machine tools, such as cylinder boring tools and the milling machine, enabled the mass production of things like cylinders for steam trains.
▸ Chemicals, such as sulphuric acid and sodium carbonate were important in many industrial processes, such as bleaching cloth, and other products, such as soap, and paper.
► Cement - Portland cement was important in new engineering products, such as the Thames tunnel.
► Tarmacked roads - Thomas Telford and John Macadam developed better roads, with firm foundations, drainage and a smooth surface
UNIT - 3
ELIZABETHAN ERA
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1.1. Which Tudor monarch preceded Elizabeth on the throne of England?
Ans. Queen Mary first
2. By what term is the Elizabethan era often described in English history?
Ans. Golden age
3. Mention the period of the Elizabethan era.
Ans. 1558-1603
4. What was the nickname of Queen Elizabeth I?
Ans. Virgin queen
5. Who was Queen Elizabeth's mother?
Ans. Anne boleyn
6. Who introduced the sonnet into English poetry?
Ans. Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard,earl of Surrey, generally referred together as Wyatt and Surrey
7. What are the two kinds of sonnets known in English poetry?
Ans. Petrarchan and Shakespearean sonnet
8. What is the stanzaic structure named after Edmund Spenser?
Ans. Spenserian stanza
9. Why did Catholics reject Elizabeth?
Ans. Becouse she was a protestant
10. Whom did Queen Mary keep as a prisoner for some time?
Ans. Elizabeth
11. Which Act placed Queen Elizabeth as the head of the English church?
Ans. The act of settlement
1.write an assignment on the topic Elizabethan literature
Ans. Elizabethan Literature was a term denoted to the body of literary works during the reign
of Elizabeth I of England (1558-1603). This age was probably the most splendid age in
the history of English literature, during which such writers as Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund
Spenser, Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare were active.
By the 1570s, English poetry and prose burst into sudden glory. Though the poetical
production was not quite equal to the dramatic, poetry enjoyed its heyday during the
Elizabethan age. It was nevertheless of great and original beauty. A large number of lyrics
and sonnets were produced. England became the nest of singing birds. A decisive shift of
taste toward fluent artistry displaying its own grace and sophistication was announced in the
works of Edmund Spenser and Philip Sidney. It was also regarded as an era of sonnets as
it was very popular. It was introduced into English by Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard,
Earl of Surrey early in the 16th century. They introduced the Petrarchan sonnet. Shakespeare
made changes to the Italian model and introduced his own style, now known as the
English sonnet or the Shakespearean sonnet. a significant
English prose already had a tradition from the Anglo-Saxon period which
was continued during the second half of the Middle English period. Elizabethan prose
continued the journey. A further stimulus for the growth of prose was the religious
upheaval that took place in the middle of the century. The desire of reformers to address as
comprehensive an audience as possible - the bishop and the boy who follows the plough,
as William Tyndale put it-produced the first true classics of English prose. Most
significant of these prose works include the reformed Anglican Book of Common
Prayer (1549,1552,1559); John Foxe's Acts and Monuments (1563), which celebrates
the martyrs, great and small, of English Protestantism; and the various English
versions of the Bible, from Tyndale's New Testament (1525), Miles Coverdale's Bible
(1535), and the Geneva Bible (1560) to the Authorised Version (or as it is commonly
called King James's Version, 1611). In the Elizabethan age, the two potent forces
blended and co-operated with each other of the Renaissance and the Reformation.
These two movements produced a great uplifting of the spirit. The word"renaissance
originated from the Latin word "nasci" which means "Be Born". Renaissance was a time
of great improvement in art, literature, and learning in Europe. It inspired the aesthetic and
intellect potential whereas the Reformation aroused the spiritual nature. Though the
passion for classical learning was a rich and worthy enthusiasm, it became a danger to the
language. In all branches of literature, Greek and Latin usages began to force themselves
upon English, which was not totally beneficial. The English language gave away its native
sturdiness and allowed itself to be temperec and polished by the new influences.
Drama, during the Elizabethan age, made a rapid & glorious leap into maturity. The Era
is perhaps most famous for its theatre and the works of William Shakespeare, English
Renaissance theatre began with the opening of "The Red Lion" theatre in 1567. Many
more permanent theatres opened in London over the next several years including the
Curtain Theatre in 1577 and the famous Globe Theatre in 1599. The period produced some
of the world's great playwrights including Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare
and Ben Jonson. Even though the writers borrowed literature from abroad, this age
depicted an unbound spirit of independence and creativity. Shakespeare openly borrowed
from other literary and historical works, but with his splendid creative imagination, he
transformed everything into gold. Spenser, a very original and creative writer was
the leading poet of his time. The stanzaic structure introduced by him has been called
the 'Spenserian Stanza'.
2.explain Elizebethan society
Ans. The social life of England during the reign of Elizabeth I is characterised by its well defined social stratification based on social position, wealth and occupation. The Monarch
Was the top first position in the Elizabethan social hierarchy. It was believed that God had
chosen the monarch to rule. The monarch could declare war, dismiss parliament or reject
its laws. Queen Elizabeth I. the sixth and last ruler of the Tudor dynasty was evaluated by
many as England's best monarch. She was a wise and just Queen who chose the right
advisers and was not dominated by them.
The Tudor period was an age of individuality. Nobility was at the top of the social ladder below the monarch. These men were rich and powerful, and they had large
households. Within the nobility, there was a distinction between old families and new
ones. Most of the old families were Catholic while the new families were Protestant. A
person becomes a member of nobility by birth, or by a grant from the Crown. Noble titles
were hereditary, passing from generation to generation. Such titles included the duke and
the earl in England. Most of the members of Queen Elizabeth's council and chief officers in the counties came from noble families.
They were expected to serve in an office at their own expense.
The Gentry class that was just below the nobility included knights, squires, gentlemen,
and gentlewomen who did not work with their hands for a living. Their numbers grew
during Queen Elizabeth's reign and became the most important social class in England.
Wealth was the key to becoming a part of the gentry class. This class was made up of people who were not born of noble birth but became wealthy landowners. The rise of the gentry was the dominant feature of Elizabethan society. Two of the queen's chief ministers, Burghley and Walsingham were products the gentry. Francis Bacon, the great essayer
and philosopher also came from this class. The gentry was the backbone of Elizabethan
England. They went to Parliament and served as justices of the Peace.
The Tudor era saw the rise of modem commerce with cloth and weaving lcading the
way. The prosperous merchant class emerged from the ashes of the Wars of the Roses. The
prosperity of the wool trade led to a suroe in building and the importance cannot be
overstated. Shipping products from England to various ports in Europe and to the New
World also became a profitable business for the merchants. The yeomanry of the time who
held a small piece of land included farmers. tradesmen and craft workers. They took their
religion very seriously and could read and write. The Yeomans were content to live more
simply, using their wealth to improve their land and expand it.
The last class of Elizabethan England was the labourers, poor husbandmen, and
Some retailers who did not own their own land. Artisans, shoemakers, carpenters, brick
masons and all those who worked with their hands belonged to this class of society. Under
Queen Elizabeth I. the government undertook the job of assisting the labourers class and
the result was the famous Elizabethan Poo Laws which resulted in one of the world's government-sponsored welfare programs.
This was a remarkable epoch for the expansion of both mental and geographical
horizons. The great voyagers like Hawkins, Frobisher, Raleigh and Drake brought home
both material and intellectual treasures from the East and the West. The spirit of adventure
and exploration fired the imagination of writers. The spirit of action and adventure
paved the way for the illustrious development of dramatic literature. Drama progresses in
an era of action and not of speculation. It has rightly been called the age of the discovery of
the new world and of man. Italy, the home of the Renaissance, fascinated the Elizabethans.
All liked to visit Italy and stay there for some time. People were not only fond of
Italian books and literature, but also of Italian manners and morals.
It was an age of great diversity contradictions. It was an age of light and
darkness, of reason and of unreason, of wisdom and of foolishness, of hope and of
despair. The barbarity and backwardness, ignorance and superstition of the Middle
Ages still persisted. Disorder, violence, bloodshed and tavern brawls still prevailed.
Highway robberies, as mentioned in Henry IV, Part I, were very common. The barbarity
of the age is seen in such brutal sports as bear baiting, cock and bull fighting, to which
numerous references are found in the plays of Shakespeare. Despite the advancement of
science and learning people still believed in superstitions, ghosts, witches, fairies, charms
and omens of all sorts.
UNIT - 4
OVERSEAS TRADE
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1.When was the English East India Company established?
Ans.1600
2.which are the three distinct stages in the development of mercantilism?
Ans. Bullonist stage,traditional stage, liberal stage
3. During the reign of which King did the British overseas trade begin on a large scale?
Ans. King Henry
4. During whose reign was the English East India Company formed?
Ans.Queen Elizabeth
5. Who influenced the British to come to India?
Ans. Portugese
6. Who authorised the British East India Company to trade in the East?
Ans. Queen elizabeth 1
7.Who was sent as a representative of the East India Company to visit the Mu-
ghal emperor to secure royal patronage?
Ans. Captain William Hawkins
8. In which year was the Company of Merchants Trading to Africa established?
Ans . 1750
9. In which year was the King George's 'Sound Company' established?
Ans. 1758
10. Name the founders of anti-mercantilist thought.
Ans. Adam Smith, David Hume, Edward gibbon, Voltaire and Jean Jacques rouseau
1.what are the features mercantilism
Ans. In the first place the mercantilists laid great emphasis on a 'favourable balance of trade". They held that the strength and richness of a country depend on two things - the possessionof gold and silver mines and a favourable balance of trade. As all the countries did not possess mines of gold and silver, they could build up rich stocks of these metals by exporting the maximum of their manufactured articles and importing a minimum of commodities from other countries. For the maintenance of a favourable balance of trade, the mercantilists favoured commercial regulation. They insisted on discouraging imports through the imposition of heavy duties and prohibitions on foreign goods. It also emphasised the principle of monopoly. In most European countries, the
right to engage in foreign trade was vested only in a small privileged section of society. Thus
the East India Company enjoyed a monopoly of trade with Asia, the Africa Company with
Africa and the Levant Company with the Mediterranean. Mercantilism attached great importance to money. It considered wealth as the source of all powers and laid great emphasis on the importance of gold, silver etc. It also
considered money as a significant factor for commercial advancement. Further as the
trade in those days was mostly carried on the basis of barter of
goods, the people naturally preferred to keep gold and silver rather than
commodities. The concept of interest formed an important part of mercantilism as it could
be profitably employed in trade and enabled the borrower to make high profits.
The mercantilists considered land and labour as the sole factors of production. Most of the mercantilists laid emphasis on the need of increasing production with a view to attaining self-sufficiency in foodstuffs as well as the encouragement of exports. Emphasis
was laid on the cultivation of wastelands to increase agricultural production.
2.explain the factors that led to the end of mercantilism
Ans. The introduction of free trade philosophy questioned the practice of restrictive trade
policies of mercantilism. Adam Smith, David Hume, Edward Gibbon, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were the founding fathers of anti-mercantilist thought. Scholar critics
like Hume, Dudley North and John Locke undermined mercantilism and it steadilylost favour during the 18th century. In 1690, the Locke argued that prices vary in proportion Treatise also points towards the heart of the to the quantity of money. Locke's Second
an anti-mercantilist critique: that the wealth of the world is not fixed, but is created by human a labor. Mercantilists failed to understand the notions of absolute advantage and
comparative advantage and the benefits of trade. It was a fact that mercantilism ended
when major power shifts occurred. In Britain, mercantilism faded as the Parliament gained
the monarch's power to grant monopolies. While the wealthy capitalists who controlled
the House of Commons benefited from these monopolies, Parliament found it difficult to
implement them because of the high cost of group decision-making. Soon Britain slowly embraced free trade and Smith's laissez-faire economics.
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