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BLOCK - 5
RENAISSANCE IN LITERATURE AND DEVELOPMENT IN SCIENCE
UNIT - 1
REFORMATION
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Which year did the Reformation start in Germany?
Ans.1517
2. Who put forth the idea of 'Justification by Faith alone"?
Ans. Martin Luther
3. During whose reign did the English Reformation start?
Ans.henry eight
4. When was Elizabeth I coronated as Queen?
Ans.1558
5. When was the Act of Supremacy passed by the British parliament?
Ans.1534
6. When did the Prayer Book Rebellion happen?
Ans. 1549
7. When did the 'Pilgrimage of Grace' occur?
Ans. 1536
8. Which year did the Wyatt's Rebellion occur?
Ans.1554
9. When was 'The First Act of Repeal' happened?
Ans.1553
10. When did the Second Act of Repeal happen?
Ans.1555
1.what are the Results of reformation
Ans. ► Germany was divided - the North became Protestant while the South remained Catholic.
►In 1546, after Luther's death war broke out between the Catholics and Protestants. It lasted nine years and neither side won. The Peace of Augsburg, provided the decision that the King could decide the Religion of his own Kingdom.
•The bible was translated into most European languages for the first time and its use became widespread.
►As Protestantism spread across Europe, the Catholic Church was faced with a crisis. It had to reform. The efforts the Catholic Church made to reform it and to stop the spread of Protestantism are known as the Counter - Reformation. These efforts included the Council of Trent 1545-1563, the founding of new Religious Orders, such as the Jesuits and the Court of the Inquisition.
2.what are the characteristic of the protestant reformation
Ans. ► The central message of Protestantism was sola gratia, sola fide, sola Scriptura. That meant "salvation was by grace alone through faith alone as communicated with perfect authority in the Scriptures" (Mark. A. Noll, 2012). This message has endured within most evangelical Christianity till this day and is central to the faith of many evangelicals. Protestants would obey the Bible before allother authorities. And what many Protestants would find in the Bible was a message of salvation by grace at least substantially similar
to the one that Luther had discovered for himself in the pages of the Scriptures, Noll argues.
► The Priesthood of all believers. Believers do not need a mediator to go between them and God but can approach directly. Every believer has direct access to God. The ideas argued by Luther on this subject eventually became the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers. Along with sola gratia, sola fide, and sola scriptura, the priesthood of all believers was one of the top ideas of the Protestant Reformation.
► Bible made available for people in their language. If all believers are priests, then they should have access to the word of God. Then
only they can effectively do their priestly duties. As Martin Luther
translated the New Testament into German, Protestants have translated the Bible into regional languages. This makes it possible for indigenous people to read in their own mother tongue the words of God.
► Mass education of believers. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg was priceless to the propagation of the reformation. It was also a helpful tool for Protestant leaders to train lay people and also start schools to train future leaders. This feature
of Protestantism which follows logically from the priesthood of all believers continues to thisday in many evangelical circles with great emphasis being made on using print and other modern technologies to teach believers to be able to fellowship with God directly.
► The restoration of the sacraments. The sacraments were restored to the people and Luther reduced them to only two (Baptism and Eucharist)
► Clerics could marry. Luther married the former nun Katherine von Bora. With that action, he set the example for the Protestant clerical family. Today, most protestant pastors and clerics marry. About 500 years later, Catholic clerics still don't marry.
►State churches. Early on, the protestant split from the Roman Catholic Church in different regions didn't mean the many denominations could exist. That was a much later occurrence. Each region had a national church which often paid loyalty to a local monarch as was the case in England.
▸ Executions and Burning at the stake. Unfortunately, it was common during the early days of the reformation for church authorities to label opponents as heretics and kill them. The burning of Jan Hus at the stake and the execution of many Anabaptists are examples.
We are fortunate that we no longer live in such an atmosphere.
► Predestination. Luther believed much more firmly in predestination than many later Protestants.
► Sacraments. Luther believed that God genuinely regenerated infants in baptism and that Christwas truly present in the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper. Those are beliefs that very few Protestants outside the Lutheran churches share today.
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