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BLOCK - 5
RENAISSANCE IN LITERATURE AND DEVELOPMENT IN SCIENCE
UNIT - 4
DEVELOPMENT IN SCIENCE
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Which work of Rene Descartes was responsible for drawing more attention to
"epistemology" in the 17th century?
Ans.theory of doubt
2. Which of the ancient Greeks set forth the concepts of astronomy that dominat-
ed the Middle Ages?
Ans. Ptolemy
3. Who is known for the statement "I think, therefore I am?"
Ans. Rene Descartes
4. Who was considered the father of modern science?
Ans. Isaac Newton
5. Which scientific approach of Francis Bacon marked the beginning of the end
for Aristotle's age-old natural philosophy?
Ans.observation
6. Who stated that the human mind is not a "tabula rasa"?
Ans. Fransis bacon
7. Which work of Newton's has the full title "Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy"?
Ans. Principia
8. Which of Newton's laws states, "There is always an equal but opposite reaction
to every action"?
Ans. Third laws of motion
1.write down some major inventions during the scientific revolution
Ans.Mechanical Clock:
The invention
of mechanical clocks enabled people to
accurately keep track of time. The knowledge
of not only what hour it was, but even what
minute and second it was, changed the way
people scheduled their days and work patterns.
Printing Press: While printing technology
had been developed in 11th century China,
it was the 15th century German Johannes
Gutenberg and his printing press that started
a new era of the mass production of books.
Until the rise of computers in the 20th
century, books and the printed word remainedthe dominant form of media for the world's
knowledge.
Gunpowder: Gunpowder was invented
in China sometime between the 9th and 11th
centuries. The knowledge of the invention
spread throughout Eurasia in the 13th
century, and it revolutionised warfare and
made previous military technology and many
medieval castles obsolete.
Water and Wind Mills: While mills were
in use from antiquity, it was in the Early
Middle Ages that they became very popular.
Throughout the medieval period, new and
ingenious forms of mills were invented, which
allowed people to harness the energy from
natural forces like rivers and wind, a process
that continued to the present day.
Paper money: It has a very important
advantage over coins made from precious
metals because they were easier to transport
anywhere, and proved to be a great benefit to
merchants. However, the concept of placing
value on a marked piece of paper was started
in the 13th century only. In the 17th century,
regular banknotes started circulating in Europe
as the common currency.
▸ Compound microscope (1590)
Teenager Zacharias Janssen in
vented the first compound micro-
scope, likely with assistance from
his father Hans Janssen, who
made eyeglasses for a living.
► Thermometer (1593) Galileo
Galilei created the first thermom-
eter, which was actually a thermal
scope. It allowed water tempera
ture changes to be measured for
the first time.
▸ Adding machine (1645) Blaise
Pascal invented the adding ma-
chine.
► Telescope (1608) - Hans Lip-
pershey invented the refracting
telescope.
►Slide rule (1632) - William Ough-
tred invented the slide rule, which
further sped up the process of
completing complex calculations.
Cartesian coordinate system
(1637) Rene Descartes invent-
ed this system, which is better
known as the x-y axis for graphs.
► Barometer (1643) - Physicist
Evangelista Torricelli invented
the first barometer. His invention
was a mercury barometer.
► Probability/statistics (1654).
Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fer-
mat together invented the math-
ematical foundation for statistics
and probability.
2.explain the three laws of motion of Sir Isaac Newton
Ans. Newton's first law of motion concerns anyobject that has no force applied to it. An object not subject to an external force will continue
in its state of motion at a constant speed in a
me straight line. Now, suppose someone is on ice
skates, just standing in the middle of an ice
rink. What's going to happen? The person just
it stays in the middle of the rink. But if they are
g on ice skates and moving forward at two miles
an hour, they will continue to move straight
ahead at two miles an hour until something
pushes them or stops them. Hence, the first law
describes the behaviour of an object subjected
to no external force.
The second law then describes the
behaviour of an object that is subjected to an
external force. Let's take the same example,
if a person is on ice skates moving forward
at two miles an hour and they are pushed
from behind, they now go faster in the same
direction. If they are pulled from behind, they
slow down. If pushed from the side, they
change direction. If the force of push is bigger
and high, it results in more change. Similarly, if
the object is heavier, the resulting change may
be less. An object is either subject to a force
or it isn't, so the first two laws are sufficient to
describe the behaviour of the object.
But what may be the behaviour of the object
or thing that applied the force? What happens
to it? The force felt from a push is felt in the
opposite direction, but in the same amount.
Let's again consider the same example, if a
person is on ice skates and someone pushes
them, they accelerate forward because of the
force and the other person goes backwards
because of it. "To every action there is always
an equal, but opposite reaction'. This forms
the third law of motion.
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